Entylia carinata, commonly known as the keeled treehopper, is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae. They can be found in Brazil, Panama, Mexico, the United States, and Canada. Keeled treehoppers are often attended by ants which feed on the honeydew they excrete. In return, the ants offer protection from predators. Keeled treehoppers typically feed on plants in the aster family and they are not known to transmit plant diseases and are not considered significant plant pests. ==

Morphology
Keeled treehoppers have unique saddle shaped keels, and are small and brown. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, females are typically 1/4 of an inch (6.35 mm) long with more pronounced keels while males are smaller, and their keels less noticeable. On occasion, males appear so differently that they are misidentified.

Life Cycle
As adults, keeled treehoppers spend the winter months in leaf litter and debris, finally emerging in March. They begin to reproduce and implant their eggs on aster leafs. During this time of year plants produce vulnerable growth and soft tissues which make it an optimal time to embed their eggs. Occasionally the laid eggs cause the leaf to fold over, forming a protected environment for the nymphs to develop in once they hatch.

Behavior
Keeled treehoppers mothers exhibit parental care and spend time protecting their egg masses. They are phloem feeders, and their diet consists of liquids extracted from plants. Plant sap, while a convenient material to feed on, is lacking in many different nutrients including essential amino acids. Because their food source is so nutrient poor, keeled treehoppers rely on gut symbionts in order to supplement their diet.

Biology

Host Plants
Keeled treehoppers can be found on plants such as asters, baccharis, fleabane, goldenrod, sunflowers, oaks, dogwood, solanum, dahlias, and many more. However, they exhibit a preference for plants in the family Asteraceae.

Geographic Distribution
These insects can be found in Canada, the eastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America.

Range

Like many other species in the family Membracidae, keeled treehoppers have ant-tending mutualism. Ants care for both nymphs and adults. The ant species known to live symbiotically with keeled treehoppers are Camponotus ferrugineus, Formica subsericea, Prenolepis imparis, Tapinoma sessile, and Camponotus pennsylvanicus. Ants feed on treehopper honeydew and assist the treehoppers fending off predators and facilitating feeding. Honeydew feeding not only benefits ants, but also prevents nymphs from becoming trapped in the sticky material and prevents sooty molds from growing on the host plants.

Symbiosis

harmful

bite

Entylia carinata is considered a tree pest because it has a tendency to infest and damage trees, feeding on their foliage, stems, or bark, which can weaken the tree's health and potentially lead to its decline or death.

tree pest

Entylia carinata can be considered garden pests because they have a tendency to infest and damage plants in gardens, feeding on their foliage or stems, which can negatively impact the health and appearance of the garden plants.

garden pest

Entylia carinata can be considered crop pests because they have the potential to infest and damage crops, feeding on their foliage or stems, which can result in reduced crop yield and quality.

crop pest

Entylia carinata is considered a pest because it has a tendency to infest and damage trees, gardens, and crops by feeding on their foliage, stems, or bark, leading to potential decline in tree health, damage to garden plants, and reduced crop yield and quality.

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What is the taxonomy of the keeled treehopper?

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